Essay on Life with Asperger’s - 1014 Words

Asperger’s syndrome is a developmental syndrome. It is said that every 2 out of 10,000 children are affected by this disorder. Asperger’s is mostly diagnosed in young children. Parents usually recognize symptoms of this disorder in their kids around the time they turn 3 years old. Asperger’s is sometimes considered a form of autism. I find this syndrome to be very intriguing. I’m going to enlighten you with more information about Asperger’s and a few real life cases of it. The symptoms of Asperger’s are some of the following. They usually are socially and emotionally inappropriate. They lack the ability of being able to interact with other individuals successfully. They have a peculiar use of language and speech. They sometimes speak in†¦show more content†¦Another trait he observed in the four children was that they had a certain interest that they were obsessed with in a sense and it dominated their conversations with other people. He called the condition â€Å"autistic psychopathy† he said it was a personality disorder that’s main symptom was social isolation. Asperger’s wasn’t widely known until 1981. Children with Asperger’s (AS) will get a huge amount of information about whatever their favorite subject is. These people who have AS aren’t able to always control the volume of their voice based on the environment surrounding them, e.g., libraries, movie theaters, etc. Also, a wide selection of children with AS are very active as young kids. But then as a young adult they begin to be depressed or anxious. Asperger’s syndrome is a genetic disorder. It usually runs in families, and is passed down generation to generation. The research they are conducting suggests that abnormalities of the brain are the cause of Asperger’s syndrome. They think the abnormalities of the brain happen because of an idiosyncratic movement of embryonic cells during the fetal dev elopment. They haven’t found the gene specifically for Asperger’s disease yet. They’re beginning to think that there may be a common group of genes that are responsible for making Asperger’s occur. It’s complicated for doctors to diagnose this disorder. They don’t have a standard way of diagnosing Asperger’s. Some ways of diagnosing it have different criteria, and thereforeShow MoreRelatedLife of a Child with Aspergers Syndrome702 Words   |  3 PagesWhile children with Asperger’s Syndrome have an average to above average intelligence and normal cognitive abilities, they unfortunately suffer with impaired social skills. An effective treatment program will have to be tailored to fit the specific child’s Asperger’s in order for the child to be successful in managing his or her own behaviors. This form of treatment is run by a psychologist, counselor, speech pathologist, or social worker, these therapies are inv aluable ways to build social skillsRead MoreChildren With Asperger s Syndrome1163 Words   |  5 PagesIt isn’t easy to imagine seeing the world in an entirely different and â€Å"strange† way, but for people with Asperger’s syndrome, this concept is reality. AS is a high functioning form of autism that affects many aspects of a person’s life and how they view and understand the world. As a developmental disorder, it disrupts a person’s regular growth and maturing processes. (Allman) People with AS think in a completely different way than those who are neurotypical; they have difficulties understandingRead MoreLiving with Aspergers819 Words   |  3 Pages Many children today unknowingly face the disorder known as Aspergers. Their traits can affect their social, mental, and behavioral aspects of life. Because of this, peers might classify them as weird simply because they do not act the same way, causing a decline in self confidence. Diagnosis can tremendously help to jumpstart treatment in this area. Despite lack of knowledge about Aspergers, a disorder closely related to autism, it is very much its own; not only in the way it is diagnosed, butRead MoreAutism-Aspergers Compare/Contrast859 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper I will be discussing the difference between Aspergers Syndrome and Autism. There are six different kinds of Autism but in this paper I am going to talk about two of them. Aspergers Syndrome is a form of Autism, but they have their differences and similarities. Aspergers affects different areas then Autism. In my people i will discuss what those areas are. Even though these children have these disorders they can b e intelligent in their own way, and in different areas. Autism is usuallyRead MoreThe Benefits Of An Early Asperger s Diagnosis1307 Words   |  6 PagesUnshackled: The Benefits of an Early Asperger’s Diagnosis We all have labels. Hundreds of them, maybe thousands. We are labeled from the day we are born until the day we die. White, black, smart, dumb, successful, worthless, popular, weird, attractive, ugly, Jewish, Muslim, Aspergian. These are just a few of the millions and millions of labels we affix to each other every day. Some labels are subjective. One man’s lunatic could be another man’s visionary. However, there are many labels that are permanentRead MoreEssay on Asperger?s Syndrome1037 Words   |  5 Pages Asperger’s Syndrome Today there are many different types of disabilities and syndromes. When you have a child to be diagnosed with a disability or a syndrome life can suddenly become overwhelming. This is especially true if they have been diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome. Parents sometimes feel guilty because their child has a disability or syndrome. Parents may feel that they are responsible for their child’s disability or syndrome. Parents may feel guilty about their child being diagnosed withRead MoreAspergers Syndrome Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesAspergers Syndrome Today there are many different types of disabilities and syndromes. When you have a child to be diagnosed with a disability or a syndrome life can suddenly become overwhelming. This is especially true if they have been diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome. Parents sometimes feel guilty because their child has a disability or syndrome. Parents may feel that they are responsible for their childs disability or syndrome. Parents may feel guilty about their child being diagnosedRead MoreEssay on Aspergers Syndrome1111 Words   |  5 Pagesis no cure for Aspergers syndrome, masking the symptoms and overcoming the challenges is possible by learning proper social skills, staying within a comfort area, and having a good support structure. A person with Aspergers syndrome faces many daily challenges, such as carrying on a conversation or looking someone in the eyes while speaking. Jacob, the main character in House Rules, by Jodi Picoult, learns to live with these challenges and functi on as normally as he can. Aspergers syndrome, alsoRead MoreThe New Jersey Special Education Code Defines Autism Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagessignificantly impacts verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction that adversely affects a student s educational performance. Onset is generally evident before age three.† (New Jersey Special Education Code, 2006, p.69) Children with Asperger’s Syndrome have developmental characteristics that cause challenges when growing up. They might develop speech that has peculiarities such as speaking in an overly formal manner. Children might also revolve many of their conversations around theirRead MoreMany characters in movies, television shows, and novels have been portrayed or have been hinted to600 Words   |  3 Pagescharacter that has many symptoms of a psychological disorder called Asperger’s syndrome, and this character is Sheldon Cooper. Asperger’s syndrome is a psychological disorder that â€Å"affects a person’s ability to socialize and communicate effectively with others† (Mayo Clinic Staff). It is an autism spectrum disorder, which concerns a person’s lack of people and communication skills, and it has no definite cause. Sheldon Cooper’s Asperger’s syndrome is not confirmed in the series, but it is highly possible

Essay Moral and Ethical Issues, A Comparative Study

Control. Power. Decisions, who has the right to make them? Does the Government or a group have that right or does the individual have the right? Throughout history from our first book, the Bible, to our modern novels, literature has impacted our society in a great many ways; it reveals of our faults, and our triumphs, assist society in defining our moral values and ethical views. This paper will explore some moral and ethical issues about choice through several short stories: Sonny Blues, Cathedral, and The Lottery, and there will be two novels explored primarily; Fahrenheit 451 and George Orwells 1984. The moral and ethical views that these books and short stories show us about our society today and the lessons that everyone†¦show more content†¦At first there are emotions of anger and disbelief towards this person, because he reminds the narrator of his brother. After some conversation, the narrator begins to realize that Sonnys friend is a human and in need of help. The narrator begins to think that ethically every person should be given a second chance. This makes the narrator think about his brother, and the narrator starts to have pity for, or towards Sonny. Now, the second major phase is between the narrator and his mother, as his mother tells him or asks him to take care of his brother. The narrator seems to feel a sense of responsibility, almost a duty towards his brother. However, there is no impact until the narrator goes to his mothers funeral. Here he starts to feel that he has not been living up to his responsibility, as a brother or a family member. The last major phase is between Sonny and the narrator. This is where he finally accepts his brother for who he is and learns to understand him as well: he also figures out that theres more to life than what is on the surface. In the end the narrators moral view has grown to having an understanding of what it means to be a family; what family means, how we all have faults and how people should help each other out. Its his personal decision to help his brother Sonny. Ethically, according to society family members are responable to care for and watch out for each other. The narrator is tied to his brother and his family, even though he didntShow MoreRelatedMoral Value Of Science By Max Weber Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesMoral Value of Science by Max Weber Emile Durkheim Introduction Max Weber and Emile Durkheim are seen as two comparative analysts in regards to the issue of sociology history. During their work, they were faced with a lot of issues that come up during comparative analysis which the sought ways to overcome them and some of the techniques they used are still considered intrusive till today. They both came up with major statements in the course of their carriers which were both methodological andRead MoreThe Protection Of One s Privacy885 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens (www.news.nd.edu). The ethical question is whether or not this is an invasion of privacy, and does this technology have the potential of being abused by criminals, police agencies, or corporations. The protection of one’s privacy is the main ethical issue with surveillance. The right to privacy is a value of both the individual and society. The purpose of surveillance, or one particular instantiation of surveillance, is probably the most fundamental ethical question that can be asked on thisRead MoreQuestions On Ethics And Management Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagement and all function, face situation wherein ethical consideration play a major role (Jamnik, 2011). Since supplying managers are dealing daily with suppliers and buyers where they have to confront daily with ethical progeny s and have to distinguish between them. These government issues lead to a crucial legal take could affect the governance itself and the stakeholder. In supply direction exercise the ethics are considered the telephone number one issue veneer supply managers today (Eltantawy etRead MoreEthics As A Key Term Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesHis world, Christians have the responsibility to edify others by living a moral and ethical life style. In the business field, the values and moral principles of individuals differ depending on their cultures and backgrounds. Due to the fact, when engaging in business, its is essential to demonstrate a consistent ethical behavior where mutual respect can be build. An individual should not have to compromise its values and moral principles in order to be able to engage in business practices with otherRead MoreThe Importance Of Management And The Success Of A Company1192 Words   |  5 Pagesconsideration the speed, efficiency, and other conditions in the operation of strategies, and in crossing these socio economic barriers management plays a really important role, in the deployment of strategic plan s and objectives to deal with each issue that rises from every and each one of these barriers, therefore the industry needs to pay attention to the vertical integrative relationship among upstream suppliers, midstream retailers, as well as downstream retail customers, the transformationalRead MoreLeadership, Trustworthiness and Ethical Stewardship Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pagesfactor in defining a good leader? Without an established trust relationship a leader is unable to be effective. The problem to be investigated is the value of trustworthiness and ethical stewardship in the construct of the organizational leadership model. This paper shall explore the co-functions of trust and ethical stewardship and its impact on leadership effectiveness. â€Æ' Introduction In 2012, there is very little allegiance or loyalty among organizational members. This isRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Issues1311 Words   |  6 Pagesprovides readers with an in-depth analysis of ethical theories, legal and ethical issues which gives them an opportunity to practice real life ethical issues that are frequently complex and thought provoking. Readers are further implored to examine their personal, moral and ethical value systems and codes they work from in an attempt to assist them in developing an informed ethical conscience for making sound moral and ethical judgments. The author presents ethical dilemmas throughout the book which readersRead MorePersonal Vs. Professional Ethics Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pages(Dictionary) defines ethic as a set of moral principles, forming a system. (Durant 1961) defines ethic as ‘the ideal conduct’. But none of them mention who creates these moral principles, who decides what is immoral, how does on e state what ideal conduct is, and whether these definitions change from person to person, time to time and in different situations. (Jindal-Snape and Hannah 2014) describe three forms of ethics that an individual is exposed to i.e. personal – moral principles that reflect in an individual’sRead MoreEthical Implications Of Business Morals1647 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness morals is a particular branch of morals concentrating on how moral guidelines apply to business associations and conduct. Accordingly, it can t be seen independently from the general thoughts of morals, and the general moral hypotheses apply to business morals too. Regulating moral hypothesis offers distinctive good speculations, each endorsing an arrangement of good decides that people can apply during the time spent choosing whether an activity is ethically right or wrong in differentRead MoreAn Empirical Study Of Local Maori Residents Perceptions Of Film Tourism On New Zealand1541 Words   |  7 PagesMethodological Ethical Issues Sarah-Jane Couche Student Number 2095550 TOUR2102 Introduction to Tourism Research Assignment 2 Bachelor of International Tourism, Flinders University WORD COUNT: 1,292 â€Æ' Proposed research title: An empirical study of local Maori residents’ perceptions of film tourism impacts in New Zealand Main research question: Has ‘The Lord of the Rings’ movie trilogy positively or negatively impacted the local Mauri residents’ perceptions of tourists? †¢ Sub research questions

Management and Quality Control Free Essays

Chatammour Henderson Marketing Management Seminar 640 February 25, 2012 Asterand Memorandum: â€Å"What is the ultimate goal of Asterand’s quality control initiative? † Asterand clearly did not have an effective quality control system in process prior to accepting its contract with Amgen to supply human tissue samples. Although Asterand is a new supplier to the biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical industry, it will need to immediately establish quality control methods that will allow them to process orders correctly and deliver the final product to the standards and requirements of the procuring company. This will demonstrate Asterand’s ability to provide consistent and reliable human-tissue samples that meet the rigorous regulatory standards that the FDA places on all biotechnology and pharmaceutical products. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and Quality Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now As indicated in the case study, Asterand failed to meet Amgen’s quality standards on four occasions with different reasons. Asterand’s quality control challenges did not begin with Amgen. Asterand also faced challenges with implementing standardized protocols for storage and data collection across laboratories and hospitals, organizing and storing samples over long periods, and meeting the stringent regulatory requirements for clinical testing. It is imperative that Asterand addresses these challenges in order to stay in business and to expand the company. Human-tissue sampling is a new and innovative process that can be rejected by its target consumers if it does not have good quality control methods. Asterand’s ultimate goal of the quality control initiative is to be well received in the niche human-tissue sample market so that the company can increase sales growth, secure financing, attract investors and ultimately expand its operations. How to cite Management and Quality Control, Papers

Australian Securities and Investments Commission versus Adler

Question: Discuss about the Australian Securities and Investments Commission versus Adler. Answer: Introduction Boards have a fundamental duty to make sure they have sustainable developments in company estimations. They do this by giving planned guidance and supervision concerning their resolutions in management, as well as choosing and replacing the management staff when needed (Adams, 2011, p.40). The boards can only achieve success if they implement the governance principles in what they do and to make sure that the business follows those ideologies in making critical choices. The Australian case ASIC v Adler clearly reminds that enterprises and directors are obliged to guarantee an efficient corporate governance framework that safeguards corporations against inappropriate engagements by the directors (Nguyen Boubaker, 2014). Besides, the procedure should involve enough balances to guarantee a system that gets not bypassed in an easy way (Venus, 2016, p.29). This report provides the background of the Australian case, ASIC v. Adler, the breached duties and responsibilities according to the Corporations Act and the Courts decision in the case. Background of ASIC v. Adler (2002) Case The primary defendants in ASIC v. Adler case were Rodney Adler, Ray Williams, and Dominic Fodera. Adler was HIHs non-executive director, its substantial shareholder, and an officer of HIHC. Williams, on the other hand, was the Chief Executive Officer, as well as the founder of HIH. Lastly, Fodera was HIHs Chief Financial Officer and director. In mid-2000, a subsidiary of HIH called HIH Casualty and General Insurance Company Limited (HIHC) offered a loan of 10 million dollars to a company led by Adler Corporation, known as the Pacific Eagle Equity (PEE). This company had only one director who was Adler, and only two shareholders Adler and his wife. This loan provision got made by the director and CFO of HIH, Dominic Fodera. Unfortunately, the credit was found to be unsecured and undocumented, and worst of all, Fodera made this transfer without the consent of the other HIH directors (Segalla, n.d.). Adlers PEE Company turned into a representative of the Australian Equities Unit Trust (AEUT). Following the 10 million dollar credit, AEUT issued units of the same amount to the subsidiary of the HIH Company, HIHC. Nonetheless, PEE managed a value of trust worth less that the loan amount. By use of a trust mechanism, PEE employed the credit in the following three types of investments: It used circa 4 million dollars of the loan to acquire shares of HIH on the stock market. Adler wanted to generate a deceitful imprint to the market that he was assisting HIH because the company had falling stocks. His intention was to make the HIH investors think that the firm was doing well despite its falling shares. He was doing this while looking forward to raising the share price or stop it from intensely reducing. Shortly after, the company sold the HIH shares at a loss of 2 million dollars. It also used approximately $ 4 million of the loan to buy unlisted shares from Adler Corporation. However, Adler ended up getting a total loss on them. It used about 2 million dollars to lend Adler. Unfortunately, there was no sufficient documentation for this transaction, making it an unsecured loan as well. All these operations happened without the knowledge of the investment committee and the board or the stakeholders authorization. Aside from that, the credit got given without proper documentation and confidence so that the HIH directors may not know about it. However, at the end of it all, HIH collapsed (Lawteacher.net., n.d.). Breached Duties/Responsibilities and the Reasons for their Breach In the ASIC v. Adler case, Adler breached the duties assigned to him as a director of the HIH and HIHC when he made transactions. It became clear from the court that he contravened responsibilities of the director under Corporations Act 2001 section 180, 181, 182, 183 and 260A (Adler on Appeal' 2004, p.67). Section 180 talks about responsibility to operate with care and diligence. 181, on the other hand, is the responsibility to act in an honest manner for a good reason. 182 talks about how to use position in the correct way, 183 is about duties to use information in the correct way, and 260A prohibits Corporations from lending loans to an employee.(Tills, M, Wills, C 2016, p. 625). Section 180: Duty to Act with Care and Diligence ASIC says that this part of the Corporations Act directs the company's director to practice their powers and discharge the duties under them with care and diligence (Campbell, 2016, p.530). Further, it states that the directors are employees just like the rest of the employees, but are responsible for the company management in daily basis. (Varzaly, 2015, p.311). In this case, Williams failed to ensure loan protection before it got awarded to PEE, thus contravened section 180(1) of the Corporation Act. Fodera violated this section by failing to discuss the suggestion of giving out 10 million dollars financial assistance to PEE with the companys investment committee and the boards. Therefore Williams and Fodera failed to perform their duties as required and did not bother to inform HIH board about their intention. Otherwise, ASIC purported that section 180 (2) safeguards directors who make a business judgment rule under common regulation, statutory or equal responsibilities with care and conscientiousness in a transparent manner. This rule safeguards directors by defending them on the risks they take especially in entrepreneurship, which can result in company loss or profit (Campbell, 2016, p.532). Section 181: Statutory Duty to Act in Good Faith and For a Proper Purpose This part of the Corporation Act says that the judgment should be in good faith with a clear goal. The directors should not have any personal interest. They should inform their colleagues about the subject matter of the judgment and be able to convince them that it was in the best interest of the entire company. Business judgment rule give protection to the officers from any personal liability as long as their judgment is not for personal gain but for the best interest of the corporation (Lawteacher.net., n.d.). In entrepreneurship, the directors are allowed to make such judgment as they are familiar with the specific laws that safeguard them when they can act in an honestly manner (Teele Langford Ramsay, 2015, p.180). Another defense rule is when the liability uncertainties in the business judgment get removed by the use of the statutory duty of care and by providing shareholders interest by engaging them in risk taking activities such as entrepreneurship. If the directors can foll ow conditions under this section, then they will have personal liability protection. Adler breached section 181 (1) by acting in bad faith through exercising his powers and discharging responsibilities for his own interest instead of that of the company. Section 182: Improper Use of the Position Section 182 of the Corporation Act restricts the companys staff members from misusing their power to achieve self-satisfaction or to satisfy other people instead of the corporation. In the ASIC v. Adler case, the court stand was that Adler broke section 182 because of making disbursement deal of 10 million dollars from HIHC to PEE that was intended to buy HIH shares on the stock market. As a result, PEE got an investment loss by reselling HIH shares. The court viewed this transaction as fraudulent as it held that Adler inappropriately used his position to gain advantage for his company (Lawteacher.net., n.d.). Williams also, misused his position to authorize the $10 million payment without the approval of the investment board. He was supposed to disclose any transaction to the investment board before authorizing in accordance to the guidelines of the HIH investment. Section 183: Duty not to improperly use information This section affirms that an officer must not improperly use the information he or she gained to advantage himself or other people or disadvantage the corporation. For example, the executive should not use the knowledge he has gained as a result of having contact with the stockbroker to buy the shares for personal gain to the disadvantage of the corporation (Pey-Woan, 2006, p.7). In this case, Adler contravened section 183 by trying to use the knowledge he had about the stock market to help Adler Corporation instead of HIHC. Section 260A: Financial Assistance Section 260A of the Corporation Act prohibits any company from providing financial assistance to an individual to obtain its shares (International Monetary, 2012). It is because this will cause real prejudice in the stock market. In this case, it is evident that Adler contravened section 260A by assisting PEE financially through HIHC. The reason why Adler breached various Corporation Acts is that he knew that the loan got given without the proper documentation. Because of the improper documentation, he was aware that this business deal could not bring the attention of other HIH directors. On the other hand, the transactions were done secretly without the knowledge of the shareholders' approval or the board. Moreover, HIH's investors were also not informed. Because of this, Adler knew that other directors were not to realize what happened and, therefore he thought he was safe. Courts Decision The Court with His Honour Justice Santow further decided that Adler will stop working as a director in any corporation for 20 years. Aside from that, Judge Santow also agreed that Williams, the other defendant director will not function as a director for any company for ten years. Besides banning the two directors, he imposed different penalties on the accused. Adler, Adler Corporation, Williams and Fodera got fines of $450,000, $450,000, $250,000 and $5,000 respectively. In addition to that, Adler, Adler's Corporation, and Williams got forced to recompense HIHC a total of $7,986,402 for the damages caused ('Ex-HIH bosses, 2005, p.8). Reason for the Decision in View of the Corporations Act Following the imposed penalties, the Court with His Honour Justice Santow made the decision because of the business judgment rule and the arms length provision. According to Santow, Adler would have done a business decision first before taking action (Teele Langford Ramsay, 2015, p.173). Based on this rule, Santow realized that Adler had a personal interest in his doings (Segalla, n.d.). Just like the case of the other two directors, the business judgment rule did not apply for Adler. Adler did not do the business in good faith; Williams did not make a business judgment, and in some instances, he did not do the business in good faith, and Fodera did not make any business judgment. Based on the arms length exception, Santow found out that it was not reasonable to buy shares from the parent company using its wholly owned subsidiary (Smith, 2016). Worst of all, it was a purchase without legal documentation. Additionally, Santow found that the trust deed was not enough to protect the companys interests and if money got transferred to trust, HIH could not by any way dictate how it got spent. Clearly, there were no proper safeguards in the transactions. The financial aid of 10 million dollars for PEE to buy stocks from HIH was an illegal move (Lawteacher.net., n.d.). Besides, the subscribed unit trust was not equal to the original amount of the provided loan it was worth less. As a corollary, this move was discriminatory to HIH, HIHC and the shareholders (Segalla, n.d.). As such, the people involved in the action breached Section 260A of the Corporations Act aside from contravening sections 180, 181, 182 and 183. Conclusion To conclude with, it is evident that HIH failed because of its poor corporate governance. Companies must always ensure they have good corporate governance because it is a critical character for any corporation (Adams, 2016, 357). With it, a company can build faith and assurance from its members including the companys directors, shareholders, and the other pertinent parties. Other than that, it increases the value of the company and sustains its growth. In case a company does not comply with the Corporation Laws, then it breaches the sections under the Act. Furthermore, duties of directors are vital in any business. Directors should not fail because of the influence from their seniors. They must always remain faithful and perform their standards of duty. In summary, directors should fully disclose their interests, ensure they act at arms length, ensure they avoid conflicts, and finally, abide by the companys reporting structure (Adams, 2011, p.34). Reference List Adams, MA 2016, 'Contemporary case studies in corporate governance failures,' Governance Directions, 68, 6, pp. 335-338. Adams, M 2011, 'Latest Developments in Officers' Duties of SMEs,' Journal Of Business Systems, Governance Ethics, 6, 3, pp. 31-42. Campbell, T 2016, 'The obligations and risks imposed on directors by workplace laws,' Governance Directions, 68, 9, pp. 530-533. 'Ex-HIH bosses sentenced to prison' 2005, Reactions, 25, 5, p. 8. International Monetary, F 2012, Current Developments In Monetary And Financial Law, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Lawteacher.net. (n.d.). Case Summary ASIC v Adler | Law Teacher. [online] Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/company-law/case-summary-asic-v-adler-law-essays.php [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Lawteacher.net. (n.d.). Contraventions of ASIC v Adler | Law Teacher. [online] Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/business-law/contraventions-of-asic-v-adler-business-law-essay.php [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Nguyen, D, Boubaker, S 2014, Corporate Governance And Corporate Social Responsibility: Emerging Markets Focus, New Jersey: World Scientific, eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Pey-Woan, L 2006, 'Regulating Directors' Duties with Civil Penalties: Taking a Leaf from Australia's Book,' Common Law World Review, 35, 1, pp. 1-23. Segalla, S. (n.d.). Checklist for directors' duties. [online] Findlaw.com.au. Available at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/1303/checklist-for-directors-duties.aspx [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Smith, C 2016, 'Company directors who cannot read or understand English warned by Australian court,' Governance Directions, 68, 9, pp. 540-543. Teele Langford, R, Ramsay, I 2015, 'Directors' Duty to Act in the Interests of the Company: Subjective or Objective?', Journal Of Business Law, 2, pp. 173-182. 'The Duties of Directors - Adler on Appeal' 2004, Australian Business Law Review, 32, 1, pp. 66-69. Tills, M, Wills, C 2016, 'Directors found guilty of breaching duties following corporation's breaches,' Governance Directions, 68, 10, pp. 624-626. Varzaly, J 2015, 'The Enforcement of Directors' Duties in Australia: An Empirical Analysis,' European Business Organization Law Review, 16, 2, pp. 281-319. Venus, P 2016, 'How to avoid disqualification as a director by ASIC', Governance Directions, 68, 1, pp. 28-31.

Business Plan for Zeeks Music Shop

Free Essays on Lamb Of God

of John the Baptist as he saw Jesus approaching one day. Why would John refer to Jesus as the Lamb of God? He is not the only one; in the book of Exodus Jesus is referred to as the Lamb twenty-eight times. According to the dictionary a lamb can be: a young sheep, a sweet mild-mannered person, or one who can be duped or cheated especially in financial matters. These are the ways that lamb can be used out of the context of this chapter. Jesus is obviously not a young sheep or someone who can duped or cheated very easily, but he is a sweet mild-mannered person according to the bible. I do not believe that this is the reason that John refers to Jesus as the Lamb of God. I believe that in order to discover the meaning in the context you have to look at the Jewish traditions and beliefs. During Passover the Jews would sacrifice a Lamb and smear its blood across their doors to protect them from the evil spirits that came. Jesus as a lamb can be interpreted as the paschal lamb, whose blood saved the Israel, and also as the lamb that is slaughtered as sin-offerings. Jesus’ crucifixion and death can be thought of as both of the lambs, the paschal and the slaughtered. He was slaughtered to save the salvation of man and forgive their sins. He came to be a sacrifice for the sinners. There is one last interpretation of the lamb in the bible, the apocalyptic lamb that would destroy evil from the world. The apocalyptic lamb is totally different then the paschal lamb and the slaughtered lamb. In the book of Revelations the lamb is referred to as having seven eyes and seven horns. The horn is a symbol of power. The lamb of Revelation is said to lead an army, go to war, and conquer his enemy. This lamb holds the destiny of mankind in his hand; he is â€Å"The Lord of Lord and King of Kings.†(Rev. 17:14) So, which meaning did John in... Free Essays on Lamb Of God Free Essays on Lamb Of God â€Å"Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world.† (John 1:29) These are the words of John the Baptist as he saw Jesus approaching one day. Why would John refer to Jesus as the Lamb of God? He is not the only one; in the book of Exodus Jesus is referred to as the Lamb twenty-eight times. According to the dictionary a lamb can be: a young sheep, a sweet mild-mannered person, or one who can be duped or cheated especially in financial matters. These are the ways that lamb can be used out of the context of this chapter. Jesus is obviously not a young sheep or someone who can duped or cheated very easily, but he is a sweet mild-mannered person according to the bible. I do not believe that this is the reason that John refers to Jesus as the Lamb of God. I believe that in order to discover the meaning in the context you have to look at the Jewish traditions and beliefs. During Passover the Jews would sacrifice a Lamb and smear its blood across their doors to protect them from the evil spirits that came. Jesus as a lamb can be interpreted as the paschal lamb, whose blood saved the Israel, and also as the lamb that is slaughtered as sin-offerings. Jesus’ crucifixion and death can be thought of as both of the lambs, the paschal and the slaughtered. He was slaughtered to save the salvation of man and forgive their sins. He came to be a sacrifice for the sinners. There is one last interpretation of the lamb in the bible, the apocalyptic lamb that would destroy evil from the world. The apocalyptic lamb is totally different then the paschal lamb and the slaughtered lamb. In the book of Revelations the lamb is referred to as having seven eyes and seven horns. The horn is a symbol of power. The lamb of Revelation is said to lead an army, go to war, and conquer his enemy. This lamb holds the destiny of mankind in his hand; he is â€Å"The Lord of Lord and King of Kings.†(Rev. 17:14) So, which meaning did John in...

Personal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal - Essay Example Grandma would always tell me, "Make something of yourself or somebody will make a fool out of you". I struggled in school, but her relentless passion pushed me to heights I never knew I could climb. Today, as I count the blessings of my teenage years, I am also reminded of my long past parents. I try not to think of them, but my mind does not obey my will. It wanders back into the blackened past of my childhood, and the spilled memories of my loving parents. The memories pull at me like a magnate to steel as I think about the years I spent with my parents while they worked as Christian missionaries in nameless Central American villages. I remember sleeping in the stillness of a rainforest or with the cacophony of an ocean pounding the beach. There I could dream all night in a fairyland far away from here and far away from my home, my young mind lost in the stillness of a Guatemalan night. The silence, occasionally broken by a primate's shrill cry, sounded like loneliness looking for a place to hide. At nine years old, I had an uneasy sense of the jungle and even more so since father had begun to lock the door at night. My imagination worked overtime to solve the riddle of the locked door and thought that monsters may come to snatch me away at any time. This night as my mother tucked me in she accidentally dropped a candle and stumbled in the darkness. I could see her hand quivering as she stooped to re-light the wick. Her anxiety boiled over into my pot leaving me shaken. I called for my father but my mother said simply, "Quiet, he's gone out". Afraid of the answer, I could not choke up the words to ask, "Where Why". The noisy crack from the jungle woke me to a crisp wakefulness. Three more explosions echoed through the room and ricocheted for seconds through my vacant head. I was alarmed, yet had only my fantasy of the events that were taking place right outside my window. The closed door loomed like an unsolved puzzle, beckoning me as I struggled across the room. I cracked the door like a gambler checking his hole card and stared into the inky depths. Suddenly, I heard my mother scream from behind a Banyan tree. Panicked, I squeezed between an old crate and a stack of lumber at the side of the house. I could hear my mother choking and struggling, and though I felt the need to go to her rescue, I was frozen in place. Locked in time. My mother's last gasp of fright was followed by the surreal sounds of life making an unscheduled exit. I looked to see my mother's lifeless body lying next to the tree. My father approached and for a moment I had the unrealistic euphoria that he was the hero coming to save the village. He solemnly knelt over her body as the silence returned, broken only by my father's whimpering and the songs of angels. The orange glow of fire flashed from the jungle and my father repulsed in a series of awkward contortions. His body, thrown back from the gunfire, came to rest inches from my mother's hand as if she was reaching for an escort to guide her to heaven. The next few seconds took hours to pass as I stared in a state of horrified shock. I watched three men dressed in black as they examined my parent's bloodied bodies. Their sneering and mumbling fell like water on a sponge, instantly absorbed by the thick undergrowth. I stayed motionless and could hear their voices go faint, seeping back into the night. I cried, never moving, until the safety of the

To-Be Process Flowchart and Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

To-Be Process Flowchart and Paper - Essay Example Mind Tools (1996-2015) talks about the effects of waste in relation to cost. From this site it is affirmed that "Waste costs you and your customer’s money", which is an implication that is nothing is done about it soon enough then the consumers might consider finding a much better place. Anything adding no value to the final product can be termed as waste. Mind Tools (1996-2015) goes ahead to list some of the most common wastes in organizations (businesses) that end up increasing the production costs for no good reason. They include; overproduction, waiting, inefficient transportation of materials, over-processing, and production mistakes/defects, and inefficient use of workers. All is these can bring about unnecessary expenses in the production process and that explains why the to-be process focuses on selling credible ideas to the Boeing Company to help it get rid of waste and minimize production costs in the long run. Let us take for instance transportation in the Boeing Company. The company has to implement the to-be process effectively in order to manage the manner in which it transports its products. This will help the company determine whether its manner of transportation is efficient or not. Inefficient transportation in this case means the company is probable transporting production materials more frequent that the materials are being used perhaps due to fear of exhaustion. This could also lead to another waste problem as damage of the materials due to lack of proper storage and in the end more will have been spent due to poor planning. Therefore, managing wastes is as good as managing costs. This can then be achieved by first identifying the waste, analyzing it to find the root cause, and then solving the root cause. This cycle goes on and it is therefore imperative to acknowledge that the to-be process for the Boeing Company is very appropriate as it contains the as-is process flowchart w hich is

Multijurisdictional tax (Inbound taxation and Outbound taxation Essay

Multijurisdictional tax (Inbound taxation and Outbound taxation assignment) - Essay Example IBM Corporation pays a regular quarterly dividend on the stock. Your previous research concluded that Joe T. is a nonresident alien of the US. 1. Is the income received US source income or foreign source income? What statute did you rely on for your conclusion(s)? Facts Joe T. is a non resident alien of the United States who has invested in 1,000 shares of common stock in IBM Corporation. IBM is registered in Delaware, United States and does most of its business within the United States. The stock owned by Joe T. represents less than 1% of the overall value of IBM Corporation. Interpretation Joe T. is a non resident alien in the United States which means that Joe T.’s income derived from sourced within the United States are liable to taxation. Since IBM Corporation executes most of its business from within the United States, so under Sections 861(a)(2) and 862(a)(2), the dividends released by such businesses are considered as income being derived from within the United States. ... , since dividends from purchased stock do not fall under any exception based category under Section 871(1), so income derived from such sources is liable to tax. 2. If the income is US source income, is it taxable income to the individual (i.e., is there an exemption or exclusion available)? What statute did you rely on for each of your conclusions? Facts Joe T. is a non resident alien of the United States who has invested in 1,000 shares of common stock in IBM Corporation. IBM is registered in Delaware, United States and does most of its business within the United States. The stock owned by Joe T. represents less than 1% of the overall value of IBM Corporation. Interpretation Most forms of income derived from sources within the United States are liable to taxation even if a non resident alien owns benefits from such sources. However, under certain circumstances exceptions may be provided to foreign investors in the United States as per taxation on income. No deductions may be taken on a foreign investor’s income from sources within the United States if it is covered by either Section 873 or Section 882(c). Income derived from a United States trade or business is exempt for taxation for foreign individuals but this applies to gross income only which does not apply to Joe T.’s case. On another note, dividends are clearly mentioned as being taxable for foreign persons under Section 871(a)(1) which makes Joe T.’s income liable to taxation. Exceptions to the current rule exist if the source of the income derived from the United States is either interest from a bank or other fiscal institution (under Section 871(i)) or if it is portfolio interest (under Section 871(h)). Joe T. may be provided with some relief, but not a complete exemption, under US Model Treaty

Nestle Singapore Pte Ltd Marketing Essay

Nestle Singapore Pte Ltd Marketing Essay Nestles promising to providing quality products to Singapore people. dates back more than 90 years ago trading MILKMAID condensed milk under the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. Over the years it has been available in Singapore for Singaporeans, Nestlà © has won the trust of Singaporeans for being a food manufacturer with the highest safety and quality standards with this products.   Nestlà © started its business and operation in Singapore in 1912 and has since been building on its success, largely as a net result of its operating principles. These seek primarily to:- Offer Singaporeans the highest safety and quality standards in our food and beverage products in Singapore. Nestle Utilized the most new and up-to-date technology and its accumulated science-based expertise in the manufacture of milk products. Nestle fulfill its broad responsibility as a corporate citizen member by participating in community and social projects that contribute to the speedy development of the country. Nestlà © brands are household names in Singapore and very well-known company. These include MILO, NESCAFÉ, MAGGI, NESTLÉ NESVITA OMEGA PLUS ACTICOL, KIT KAT, PURINA, FRISKIES and dozens of other market leaders in their product categories.   Segmentation, Targeting   Positioning of  Nestle. Executive Summary Nestle is a worldwide company of milk products and nutrition, chocolates, beverage, catering  and  many  type  of  confectionary  goods.  It  has  its  millions  of  customers  worldwide. Today  Nestlà © Singapore Limited is strongly positioned to grow through its policy of  constant  innovation  and  renovation,  concentrating  on  its  core competencies and commitment to high quality, with the aim of providing the  best quality food to the people of Singapore. In the report we have brought a  discussion about the marketing segmentation of Nestle, their target  market and positioning strategy in Singapore. The way Nestle identify its different target customers different demands with an efficient way and how it satisfies its consumers by creating greater  facilities by the combination of separate products or marketing mixes is shown in market segmentation of Nestlà ©. In the part of market targeting we have discussed how Nestle ha ve made various segments and decided to spread their whole operation in whole Singapore. In the last part of this we have discussed how Nestle reached to the customers point more Easily and effectively comparing with their competitors in the highly competitive food beverage market of Singapore by making  differentiation of target Users and customers. Nestle is the largest nutrition and foods company in the world, founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. The journey of Nestle begins when Henri Nestlà © developed the first milk food for early in 1867, and saved the life of a neighbors child. This man makes a food for the infant babies who are unable to take mothers feed can use it as an alternative food. Henri Nestle retired in 1875 but the company was going on a full swing. In the following year the Nestlà © company added condensed milk, so that the firms became direct and fierce rivals. After that the company was merged in 1905 with the another company named Anglo-Swiss Milk company which was founded by two  brothers  named  George  Page  and  Charles  Page.  The  company  reenter significantly during the First World War  though it fall in debt, a banker provide facility and help it to reduce its debt. After the Second World War  , the company eventually increased its offerings beyond its early c ondensed milk and infant formula  products. The 1920s saw Nestlà ©s first expansion into new products, with chocolate the  companys  second  most important  activity. Nestlà ©Ã‚  felt the effects of World War II  immediately. Profits dropped from US$20.1 million in1938 to US$6.1 million in 1939. But at the end of World War II was the starting of a dynamic phase  for Nestlà ©. Growth accelerated and companies were acquired. At present the company operates in 86 countries around the world and employs around 283,000 manpowers. Theoretical  Consideration Marketing  Strategies: The  Strategic  plan  provides  the  companys  overall mission and objective and new hpopes to achieve companys views. Through market segmentation, targeting and positioning the company takes decisions which customers it will provide and how. The company also makes designs a marketing mix made up of  factors under its control product, price, place,  promotion. Strategy of Nestle in Singapore:   Nestlà ©s basic strategy is to cover only the urban area of Singapore. Thats why  they  are  doing  their  activities  in  main  and  metropolitan  cities  of  Singapore. They want to put babies and children healthy and ensure their  sufficient nutrition.  Thats  why  main and large range  of  their  products  are  baby  milk food  products. They also target new age generation to build a strong relationship by  providing various eating products. In the report, we are going to focus of Nestle is to segment, target the  potential customers and to positioning of their profitable products. Their  segmentations, targeting, positioning process are given below. Nestle want to change customers toward their products. Thats why they are offering  new  products  regularly.  They  also  provide  many  social competitions for babies to go their  mindset. In this report we are looking to focus of Nestle Singapore is to segment,  target  the  major  customers  and  to  position  of  their  profitable products. The relevant information is given below:- Market  Segmentation: The marketing concept asks for  understanding customers requirements and satisfying their  requirements and needs better than the others do. But many customers have different needs and it rarely is possible to satisfy all customers by treating them same just like. Market segmentation is the searching of portions of the market that are different from other. Segmentation provides the firm to better satisfy the needs of its potential customers. 1.  Clearer  understanding  of  the  requirements  and  needs  of  selected  customer  groups. 2. More effective positioning in this place. 3. Greater precision in selecting  promotional Transportation vehicles and techniques. Bases for  Segmentation: Users markets can be segmented on the basis of following customer characteristics. 1. Geographic area 2. Demographic area 3. Psychographic area 4. Behavioral area Geographic: Nature: Nestlà © Singapore segmented its market for Nescafe Ice  based on the geographic weather: hot and cold.   Nescafe Ice: A coffee which can be consume with ice. During warm season consumers consume this coffee with normal or cold water with ice cube to  bring freshness in their body. Demographic Age: Nestlà © segmented market for its major products based on the genration. For  the products Cerelac, Lectogen, Koko Krunch, Nido, Nestle divided the market segment for new born baby and  children of different ages. Nido It is  nutritious milk specially makes for children 2 years onwards. It includes 25 minerals and vitamin D which helps childs growth. Cerelac : Nestle also provide cerelac for new aged baby. It contains milk and rice mixture for less than one  years baby. It fulfills babys proper nutrition in foods. Nesquick, Koko Krunch : Both are chocolate milk for babies. Nesquick  and Koko krunch contain childs required growth. Its very sweet and delicious and also contains vitamin protein, mineral. Lactogen : Nestle Singapore brings full cream milk powder in the country. It gives baby required nutrition. Lactogen 1 is for babies whose age less than 6months and lectogen 3 is for babies whose age  is below 1 year. Income : Nestle segmented their market based on customers earnings in an effective way. Lectogen : Nestle usage tk 800 for per 900 gm Lectogen 12 milk powder. They also usage tk 1000 for 900 gm Lectogen 3 milk powder pack. Middle income and low income people are not able to buy these products for their  Ã‚  babies. Occupation :  Nestle  segmented  the  market  based  on  their  users occupation. Nescafe classic : This product is for those who work busy and hard and needs more freshness. Both the male and  female who need more caffeine and this type of needs Nescafe classic is for them. Psychographic: Life  style  and  personality:  Nestle  Singapore  provides  KIT  KAT  these  people who really want to taste and enjoy chocolate. Nescafe 3 in 1 is for exclusively those users and customers who are really busy and do not have more time. They can save their time by taking Nescafe 3 in 1.All the things sugar, milk and coffee remain included. Behavioral Benefits Based on benefits Nestle Singapore segmented their market in an effective way. So they provide Cerelac for those customers who want more  profit from the product. Cerelac includes  a high nutrition for babys whose age below 1 year. Two most important things rice and milk remain included in cerelac. On the other hand, cerelac includes vitamin, mineral and all nutritious elements for babies.   Target Marketing: Market segmentation reveals the firms market opportunities. Then the firmsort  market  targeting  by  evaluating  the  many types  market  segments  and deciding which and how many segments it will targeting.   Nestle evaluated the various market segments on the basis of  segment  size  and  growth,  segments,  structural  attractiveness,  and Nestle objectives and resources and decided to launch their operation all over the Singapore country. Nestle distributes their target market because of having unique requirements and wants.  Nestle Singapore selected their  target market into two market coverage policy: Undifferentiated : Nestlà © has offered several products such as Nescafe 3  in 1Maggi noodles, and Kit Kat to the people of the whole Singapore without differentiating the market segment. Differentiated : Nestle also selects the differentiated marketing. It offers different product for many segments based on different ages, occupation, season and climate of Singapore. Nescafe 3 in 1 : Coffee for people who are busy in life. Koko  Krunch,  Nesquick   :  Chocolate  milk  who  want  to  get  taste  of  real chocolate. Nescafe Ice : Cold coffee for the people in hot and warm weather. Concentrated: Through concentrated marketing, Nestlà © achieves a strong market position because of its greater knowledge of consumer requirement. In theniches  it  serves  and  special  reputation  it  acquires.  Nestlà ©Ã‚  specializes  in  producing baby foods. It offers nutritious milk powder Lectogen 1 for  babies whose age is less than 7 months and lectogen 3 for babies whose is under 12month. It also offers baby nutrition cerelac for baby less than 12 months. Positioning Strategy: By  creating  product,  service,  channel,  people  and  image  differentiation  Nestle arrives the consumer touch point more easily, effectively efficiently in comparing with other competitors in the highly competitive food processing market. Product  Differentiation : Nestle brings a many of  product for target customers.   They provide 25 types of minerals in Nido for children. It also provides Cerelac  and  Lactogen 1  3  for  newly  born  baby  exclusively.   Now  the doctors says these products for babies to their parents for high maximum nutrition  Nescafe  is  a  product  which  contains  4  types  of  categories.  They  offer  Ã‚  Nescafe ice for hot and warm weather, classic for all 3 in 1 for those who are busy in life. They  provide  Maggi  including  Maggi  instant;  Maggi  2  minutes  which Includes and contain various minerals, vitamins and nutritions. Maggi also provide magi healthy soup and Maggi corn soup but charge the same  price. Channel  Differentiation :  Nestle  reach  their  products  to  the  customersthrough  their  experienced  market  salesman  and  transportation.  So  that  their  Ã‚  products. are much easy to  their customers. Image  differentiation Nestlà ©s logo is  totally different from others competitors that are greatly choices by its customers. For that reason customer easily identify them in the  market which is another effective benifits for Nestle. People differentiation Nestle has a large number of manpowers that are highly educated and trained. In Singapore, 400 employees are working in market Company chairman; Peter Brakeck- Letmathe and CEO Paul Bulckeare highly educated, wise and experienced people. They are running this  business successfully for a long time. Service  differentiation Another  advantage  for  this  company  is  better  service for its respective users from its competitors. They provide 247  hot  line  service.  High  quality  checking  is  providing for  its customers. Its marketing dept. and public relation dept. are working for  finding out customers new needs and  response toward their nestle products. Selecting an overall positioning strategy: The full standings of a brand is named the brands value proposition-The full mix of advantages up on which the brand is differentiated and positioned. More for more More for more positioning includes providing the most upscale products or service and charging a higher price to cover the higher  cost. Exactly Nestle is doing that. Nestlà ©s products provide more benefit and for that Nestle charge higher price than other competitors. Nido provide nutrition and charge 250 tk for 400 gm. But Fresh, Marks do not arrange nutrition and charge less than that of Nido. Respectively Nescafe, Maggi noodles contains quality for high price,  rather than competitors. Positioning Statement Baby  Products To  babies  who  are  deprived  of  proper  nutrition,Nido,Cerelac,Lactogen are the nutritious milk Product that give you more nutrition other than any other brand because these includes different types of vitamin, mineral etc. Nescafe To busy people who drink coffee and have little time for taking rest, Nescafe is the coffee that gives you more energy than any other brand  because it has the highest level of  caffeine, Maggi To people, noodles and soup consumer who looks better quality, Maggi noodles and healthy soup that gives you proper nutrition than any other brand because it has the best quality. Their motto for business is GOOD FOOD for GOOD LIFE Conclusion The advent of consumer food products has brought an immense change in the field in the consumers food habit. Nestle has done well to adding its  customers  loyalty  operating  as  a  market  competitors  in  its industry. Nestle  is  one  of  the  largest  food  processing  company. Their products and quality mainly includes on their experience and efficiency.  Nestle provides quality that leads to good business growth and good development.It  has  segmented  the  market  based  on  certain  clustered  preferencesdeploying multi-stage segmentation approach to meet individual requirements of  the customers. Offering brand new products would also close its old products gaps to a great extend promise satisfaction and loyalty. In our report, we try to present the segmentation, target marketing and  positioning  strategy  of  Nestle  and  suggest  some recommendations based on the marketing procedure.   IMC Stratgies PROMOTION Promotion activities perform a major role in re-launching any product. Addition in target market is possible by personal selling. It adds persons in retail stores telling the benefits to important customers about importance of milk in standard  packed form. Awareness performs the most important role. They should taste housewives on many places. Because they are the main servers of such kind of  nutritional diets to  their family members.TV commercials and Bill Boards should be planned to advertise properly. There are many promotional methods like personal sales, advertisements, sales  promotions, public relations etc.  but the method accepted by  Nestlà © for introducing  Nestlà © UHT Milk was advertising, outside printed media for advertising like, hording board, newspaper, posters outdoor etc.  Nestlà ©Ã‚  seeing the  old  customer  of  the  imported brands  and  potentials customers via its advertising promotions. In their advertisement, Nestlà © mostly focus the small kids who are the major  Ã‚  portion of our population and milk and such kinds of  Products  are  main  requirement  of  enhancing ability in  children  that  the  reason  Nestle launched  Nesvita  Milk  product especially  designed  for  younger  children  because addition of calcium diets in  routine diet chart is main  requirement. To remind the consumers about the nestle, Nestlà © also made some special platform for retailers and hold them on t heir shops and as compared to other milk selling companies running in the country Nestle shows always attracting messages to feels customers that always drink milk but only I  real form . RE LAUNCHING After thoroughly analyzing the reasons of presence of large number of  competitors Nestle decided to re-launch it product with different new packing. It was an opportunity for Nestle to control the market in that a way  that it will introduce. its all the discrepancies such as  shortage, inflation based pricings which given opportunity to the competitors to control the market. BELOW THE LINE Below the line includes following  mediums of advertisement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Direct mail to users   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outdoor  advertising à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Through Transit   DIRECT MAIL ADVERTISING It  is  any form  of  advertising  present  directly  to  the  new comers,  this can be  through the mail, fax, online computer services, sales personnels, retailers or  other means rather than through traditional mass  media. Postcards   Nestle issued postcards to their home and office persons in the category of outlets and whole sellers. On different occasion nestle send them different type of post cards to  build long term healthy relationships so that they can contribute in adding the market share of their product . Leaflets/ flyers Nestle has distributes many types of leaflets, which inform information about Nestle Milk products, at different outlets. Folders / brochures Nestle distributes brochures of their product to their users through internet to make them inform of new innovations and products. This helps nestle in adding more customers. OUTDOOR Nestle expenses a big share of  their advertisement budget on the outdoor  advertisement in Singapore, which includes   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Painted Billboards at different places à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢MMT in various locations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Vinyl Sheets located in public places à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Perform Rotary Plan Here is an example of their billboards and rotary plan Nestle has hanged more than 500 billboards across the roadside. They have put on different themes of them, which are presenting different situations in which people  are  using  real  water.  According  to  the  NESTLE they  perform heavy outdoor advertisement to aware people about the availability of their product because it is a product for which people never pre-determined plan to purchase it so to encourage them for the purchase of Nestle Milk Products they have to place billboards.  Beside  this  they rotate  the  posters  of  their  billboards  after  few months the reason for this is that people not interest in those themes when they see it for a longer time so when they exchange them and place the new different one that create the interest among the  people. TRANSIT ADVERTISING Transit advertising is a category of public places out of home media that includes bus and taxicab  advertising  as  well  as  posters  on  transit  places, Bus  terminals,  and Display at airports .Types of  transit advertising à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Inside cards in public transports à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Outside posters on Vehicles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Terminal  posters at various locations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Taxi / bus walls. Nestle 2010 Creating affordable access to protein [online] Available from: http://www.nestle.com/CSV/CSVinAction/SlideShows/essentialprotein/essentialprotein.htm Nestle 2010 Press Release [online] Available from: http://www.nestle.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/AllPressReleases/NovartisMedicalNutrit http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=602C42FE-04D6-4669-BEE1-1027492FE5E8 http://www.nestle.com/AllAbout/AtGlance/Introduction/Introduction.htm Vanhuele, M., Dreze, X., (2002). Measuring the Price Knowledge Shoppers Bring to the Store.Journal of Marketing. 66 (dhs), 72. Peter, J. P., Donnelly, J. H (2004).Marketing Management: Knowledge and Skills. 7th ed. China: McGraw Hill Book Co. 145. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article6639144.ece?token=nulloffset=12page=2

Portrayals of John Anderton Essay -- Minority Report Movies Entertainm

Portrayals of John Anderton Imagine a world in which the thought of murder is a thing of the past; a world that has successfully abolished the system of jails and fines with the aid of gifted individuals that can predict the future (Dick 72). Such a crime free world exists in Philip K. Dick’s famous short story, The Minority Report. Using the adaptation made by screenwriters, Scott Frank and Jon Cohen, DreamWorks was able to release the film version of Dick’s short story in 2002. Furthermore, this futuristic age film was directed by the famous director, Stephen Spielberg. The main focus of the short story and film surrounds the lead character John Anderton and his efforts to understand the minority report. In comparing the portrayal of John Anderton’s physical characteristics and the conspiracy surrounding him in the short story and film, one can clearly state that the character of John Anderton has been well adapted onto the big screen, even far more developed, than in the short story. The plot of the short story takes place in the future, in which three gifted individuals known as â€Å"precogs† or â€Å"precognitives† can view the future and prevent an act of murder from taking place. The precogs’ prediction allows a specially trained group of agents from the Precrime unit, a policing organization, to apprehend the future criminal, effectively stopping the criminal act (Landrith). In the short story the founder and the commissioner of the Precrime unit, John Anderton, experiences the other end of the spectrum as a criminal when he is suddenly accused of a future murder. He is allegedly going to kill an individual by the name of Leopold Kaplan, the General of the Army of the Federated Westbloc Alliance, an aboli... ...of John Anderton is well portrayed in Dick’s short story and in the 2002 movie version, the character seems to be far more developed in the movie than in the short story. Through his physical characteristics and the conspiracy that surrounds the character, the movie was able to bring forth a character that is appealing to the audience and engaging to watch on the big screens. In this writers’ opinion, Spielberg, Frank and Cohen made the right choice to portray John Anderton in such a heroic manner. Works Cited Dick, Philip. The Minority Report and Other Classic Stories by Philip K. Dick. New York, NY: Citadel Press Book, 1987: 71-102. Landrith, James. â€Å"The Minority Report: In Print and On Screen†. American Military University HM 214, Science Fiction and Fantasy. 12 April 2004. 24 Oct. 2004. .

Walking Alone – Original Writing

Dew clings to the harsh pale grass. The cool droplets of water stick to my bare legs as I brush past, silently, stealthily. Where am I going? It'll come back to me in a moment. I'll just follow my instinct. Right, if I'm automatically taking this direction to Wherever, then this is the right way. Wearing my jacket was a good idea. I had to rummage to find it. I can't remember the last time I wore it. I can't even remember when I was last out of town for a weekend. That would be nice; a weekend out with a few friends- not that I'd ask. They'd probably be busy anyway. Ok, I cannot get distracted. I shall walk on. Left, right, left, right. I'm starting to enjoy this monotony. Yes, this is rather pleasant, rather agreeable. I look around for some sort of landmark, or something to help me recognise where I am. I won't admit to being lost because that would call into the question of my destination, which, to be honest, is still unbeknownst to me. I'll just meander along this way. God, I'm knackered, I could use a chocolate bar. Yes, a chocolate bar is what I need, along with a nice drink. But not until I get there, I must keep on going. Oh, a house. It's a tall looming house, with ivy crawling over it, its brambles resembling long green tendrils, or fingers, curling crispy and brown at the tips. What's that scuttling across the front porch? A grubby, greasy blur darts past. I lean forward as if to grab it, but it's gone before I'm even close. I force myself upwards, and see a door in front of me. The faded red paint is flaking. I reach my hand towards it and absentmindedly begin to peel it back. I wonder why I've never seen this house before. I wonder why I haven't seen any of this area before whatsoever. A chill overcomes me, engulfing me in a stuttering shudder. It's cold, and late. It must be gone five in the morning by now. Oh well. A bleak throng of clouds tumble over the night's sky, devouring any lingering traces of warmth. I pull my jacket tighter around me and shiver again, glancing around, praying, pleading, for some form of refuge. The house is not an option, it's someone's home. I can't break in. Not now, anyway. I trudge towards a large wooden gate. I thwack it open, shocking myself as I do so. An ear-piercing screech of pain comes from the gate, like a toddler protesting against eating the remnants of her cereal. I guess my thwacking skills aren't quite up to par, the gate's stuck. What now? Onwards again? Alright, I'll stomp my feel around a bit to restore some warmth to my pathetic shell of a body. That's better, slightly. Argh, my eyes! Some plonker has his headlights on full and he's facing me head-on. Perhaps I should step out the way. Oh, he's slowing down. My rescuer, maybe? That would be nice†¦ What the hell do you think you were doing, standing in the middle of the road at this ungodly hour? † â€Å"I see spots†¦. † I whimper. The man's face is weathered and tired. It reminds me of Father Christmas, now he's a lovely bloke. A dreamy smile is wafting onto my face. The man looks at me as if I'm deranged and creepy, and then accelerates off into the night. I'm shivering. I am literally shivering. I desperately need shelter before I get pneumonia. That house. That old, ruinous house. I turn around, stumbling over a rock. There it is, standing tall and imposing, yet strangely familiar. Whoever owns it has made a hapless attempt at remodelling it, adding a modern extension and painting the wall. Well, some of it at least. The path has deep, cavernous cracks and so I have to be careful not to cut my bare feet on the fragments. A desolate flowerbox hangs by a window, the flowers long dead. I examine it closer, noting the what-used-to-be-dark-green-but-is-now-discoloured-pale-turquoise crusty paint on the criss-crossed wood. Again, I feel a faint wave of familiarity- like an echo from the past. With a shudder I glance around fleetingly for a side entrance. A swing. An old, plastic-y swing, with faded yellow rope, neglected and left to rot in the grass for the next millennia. A child's laughter, my laughter. A hot summer morning: we were having a barbeque. I swung on this swing. I lived in this house. The memories come flooding, hitting me with a wave of nausea. I look up at the house, my house, my poor, poor house. Mutilated, derelict, left piteously to ruin. It's ugly, horrific. My once beautiful house is looking like a dump. This grass was once green, and this porch was once magnificently up kept. Memories. I now know why I didn't recognise it at first. All those memories, those awful memories, blocked out for all these years. I clutch my head and keel over, onto the callous ground. There is an immense pressure on my head. Bottled up for all these years, it's finally unleashed on me again. I convulse and vomit, thus further disfiguring the house. Another sharp burst of pain in my side. I'm in agony, reliving the past. I'm dying. I'm dying at the place of my birth; whoever came up with the Circle of Life must be smug. I convulse one more time and pass out, my head in a fug of trapped memories, waiting to be recollected.

General Overview of Gats

1. General overview of GATS The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is the first and only set of multilateral rules covering international trade in services. The definition of services trade under the GATS is four-pronged, depending on the territorial presence of the supplier and the consumer at the time of the transaction. The GATS covers services supplied a. Cross border trade: from the territory of one Member into the territory of any other Member. . Consumption abroad: in the territory of one Member to the service consumer of any other Member. c. Commercial presence: by a service supplier of one Member, through commercial presence, in the territory of any other Member. d. Presence of natural persons: by a service supplier of one Member, through the presence of natural persons of a Member in the territory of any other Member. 2. Proposed benefits of GATS There are six benefits of GATS, they are 1.Economic performance, An efficient services infrastructure is a preconditio n for economic success, many governments rely on an open and transparent environment for the provision of services. 2. Development, World-class enterprises in developing countries have a greater advantage, and better do business. Developing countries also have able to build on foreign investment and expertise 3. Consumer savings, Globalization of trade in services allows consumers a wider choice of lower prices, better quality goods and services 4.Faster innovation, The exchanges between the countries, information can promote technology innovation faster. 5. Greater transparency and predictability, Legally binding guarantee, allows companies in the international trade and investment in a stable condition. 6. Technology transfer, encourage foreign direct investment (FDI) usually can bring new skills and techniques. 3. Major criticisms of GATSMany civic groups said that most of the current economic restructuring under the WTO-OMC system is in the interest of big business, and not in t he interest of the public. They are concerned that further deregulation of the service sector will lead to a widening of the gap between rich and poor, to further environmental deterioration, and human cost is low in poor areas. 4. My opinion on GATS Overall, GATS met with some difficulties in the actual operation, and has created the problem of some criticism for people, but the trade agreements made n indelible contribution to the development of international trade in the world. As long as the various countries, the company is in the future economic and trade constantly looking for better solutions to improve the existing mechanism, the world economy is definitely better services under the framework of GATS rapid development. http://www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/cbt_course_e/intro1_e. htm http://www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gats_factfiction3_e. htm http://www. twnside. org. sg

Mohandas Gandhi recognized as one of the greatest leaders and thinkers of the 20th Century essays

Mohandas Gandhi recognized as one of the greatest leaders and thinkers of the 20th Century essays Mohandas Gandhi, born to a merchant cast in India, defied his family and caste beliefs by studying law in England. This experience broadened his view of the British Empire. He found that he was often accepted there as an equal. After he finished his studies in England he returned to India, but was not terribly successful. Eventually he was hired by a company in 1893 to represent their interests in the British colony of Natal in Africa. He was the first "colored lawyer allowed to practice in Natal and did well. However, he discovered that Indians in Natal were harshly discriminated against. He believed that as a British subject he should be treated as the equal to the Englishmen in Natal and organized the Natal Indian Congress to work for Indian rights. However, he remained loyal to the British, intending to change their policies. He helped organize ambulance services during the Boer War and also helped against a Zulu In 1906, however, when no changes had occurred, he developed the philosophy of civil disobedience, based on writings of Thoreau, Tolstoy and Jesus Christ. He refused to comply with discriminatory laws, which put him Finally in 1914 the government made some concessions including the recognition of Indian marriages and dropping the poll tax for Indian In India he began working for "swaraj," or home rule for India. He worked hard to unite Hindus and Muslims, traditional opponents, to work for this goal. In 1920, arguing that dependence on English goods had undermined Indian self-sufficiency and economy, he urged all to spin their own yarn and weave their own cloth rather than buy British cloth. This led to his first imprisonment in India. In 1930, to protest a salt tax, he led a 200- mile march to the sea and taught the people to gather and refine the law. Once again he was imprisoned. Through this process he saw h ...

Analysis of a work of art with a contemporary advertisement Essay

Analysis of a work of art with a contemporary advertisement - Essay Example Initially, these pieces had been applied to communicate on the ethical values or offer a reflection required within the society. Art has been evolved to represent ideology based on selling an idea to a market. This provision has been included in advertising with the created pieces holding powerful visual messages to the consumer. Art styles are applied in advertising, in the contemporary society, to highlight the message under consideration to give a piece meaning. With advertising, the key method applied to sell brand identity, and product description, art has emerged as a powerful communication tool within the contemporary society. An added provision within the art has been the application of advanced mediums to strengthen the image quality and buffer message reliance. The modern technology has produced advanced paints and mediums to be included in advertising that relate to the artistic style that had been developed. Pop art has been adversely used in advertising since the inventi on in Britain in the year 1955. Pop art was a movement of art that found the origin in Britain in the 1950s and the trend spread to the US who modifies the definition of style, to fit the pieces that had been established (Gibbons 53). Pop artists challenged the principal conception of the known artistic movements to present ideologies that would popularize a piece. The style incorporated existing forms and to those created in the artist’s mind to give the shape of the layout. The style developed on the movement known as abstract expressionism to explore the provision issued by the artist. The style is characterized with the provision that is accorded in utilizing a combination of shapes and images with found material incorporated within a piece. This provision has linked the movement to Dadaism utilizing highly expressive images. The style behind the creation of a pop artwork involves the application of famous images

Why does the EU rely so much on policy networks to make its political Essay

Why does the EU rely so much on policy networks to make its political system function - Essay Example Policy changes have taken place only with the consent of the group. Interest groups have always favored state bureaucracies maintaining stable relationships with the groups. Hence policy networks have helped the policy makers fulfill their procedural ambitions and obtain a ‘negotiated order’ For this reasons even after decades of formulation, these policies for the functioning of political system continue to exist (Mazey & Richardson, 2001).The paper intends to trace out the possible reasons behind EU’s everlasting reliance on policy networks for managing the political system thereby addressing the background and importance of these policy networks. The European Union EU operating for 50 years possesses a unique background. Under the co-decision procedure the Council consisting of all member states works with the European Parliament for budget formulation and other decisions. Overall, the decision making body contains EU Council, Parliament and the European Commis sion. The legislations for EU comprises of Primary legislation influencing daily lives of member countries’ citizens and Secondary legislation containing directives, regulations and also certain recommendations. The decision based upon majority votes, can be simple or qualified, depending entirely on the addressed issue (Mazey & Richardson, 2001). It appears that the structure of the EU displaying behavioral traits and functioning is very different from the regular or traditional ones found in most other organizations (How does the EU work, 2008). State bureaucrats display efficiency in framing policies under the scope of their limited capacities and available information. The users who are served by these bureaucrats extend a high degree of external support to the political system on obtaining their desired benefits. Thus favoritism and institutional factors act behind decision making (Mazey & Richardson, 2001). Evolvement of European Political System: Horizontal and Vertica l Over the years the European Union has developed a well governed and stable political system. An efficient government operates within the state with concentration of power at the center. Member countries like France, Britain and Sweden are known to possess an ideal political system. Decentralization has been the key to governance. It has always witnessed sharing of political power among large number of actors (Buxbaum, 1996, pp. 14-16). Policies framed under EU governance are concerned with regulation of markets. This has been noticed for environmental and social policies of EU which helps in preventing market failures. The budgetary policies have dealt with compensating potential losers who lose out in market integration. The adoption of a single currency has been aimed towards regulating markets. It has attempted creation and regulation of a single market. The Maastricht Treaty of 1993 has attempted to bring about economic and political union. Viewed form a vertical dimension EU can be termed as a regulatory state. From horizontal perspective it has acted as a hyper consensus government (Buxbaum, 1996, p. 16). The total policy making process has been divided between the governmental head in the European Council and Commission resulting in efficient allocation of power among the EU institutions. Political leadership has been rotational among the member countries. Such a governance framework has led to rising power of the European parliament. Under this multilevel EU framework, networks have helped to improve regulations in the areas of energy, transport and telecommunications. Background for policy networks

Nutritional Care Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nutritional Care Plan - Essay Example Harvey (2011) explains that â€Å"overnutrition is an unfavorable health condition in which at least one nutrient is supplied in an amount that exceeds the bodys requirements for normal metabolism, growth and development.† The Test Lab Online (2011) adds that overnutrition is a serious medical problem in pregnancy because â€Å"chronic overnutrition can lead to obesity and to metabolic syndrome, a set of risk factors characterized by abdominal obesity, a decreased ability to process glucose (insulin resistance), dyslipidemia, and hypertension.† This essay shall focus on abdominal obesity in pregnancy. According to the American Pregnancy Association (2011), woman who had BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 before pregnancy is required to gain weight of 1 – 4.5 pounds during the first trimester. However, after just two weeks, the woman came back to the hospital with a weight gain of 7.7 pounds. This was still at the early stages of the pregnancy and therefore constituted an excessive weight of 3.2 pounds. Further biochemical test showed that the albumin level of the woman was 5.8 g/dl, which was almost above normal. The interpretation is that the woman was suffering from overnutrition. Clinical assessment however revealed that the integrity of the woman’s skin was intact. When dietary assessment of the patient’s daily intake of food was done, it was realized that the woman had been misinformed to start taking in more protein and fat and extra mineral with the intention of helping her fetus grow better. Medications were suggested for the patient based on her cultural and socioeconomic background. It must be reiterated that medications or drugs come into the treatment of over nutrition as a last resort and especially when the patient’s case has resulted in obesity. Some commonly acceptable medications in medical circles include Orlistat, Sibutramine, Rimonabant, Metformin, Exenatide, Pramlintide

The Intensification of International Migration Essay Example for Free

The Intensification of International Migration Essay 1. INTRODUCTION Migrant flows are always from the poorest countries with a low probability of employment towards less poor and more dynamic countries where there is an opportunity to find some sort of job. Over the last few years international migration has intensified, with the media referring to the â€Å"regionalisation and globalisation† of migration. The major centers of attraction are the same: United States and the European Union, with countries in southern Europe gradually becoming immigrant receiving countries. The third major region that attracts migrants is the oil-rich Middle East. The fourth major region set to be the target for increasing numbers is Asia/Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand. What are the effects of migration on the countries of origin? Funds sent by migrant to families back home often play a considerable part in the development of the local economy. However, when highly qualified people leave their home country, the investment made by the developing countries in their higher education is lost. To remedy this, programmes have to be set up to encourage immigrants to return, so that they can contribute to the economic development of their home country. The political environment in some African countries must be conflict free for African professionals overseas to return home. Africa is certainly experiencing a debilitating flight of professionals and skilled people escaping their countries’ economic crisis. The level and trend of brain drain has reached unsustainable heights. In the last few years, the brain drain has escalated in magnitude to levels that have serious implications on economic growth in countries like Zimbabwe. Why have African intellectuals and professionals left or thinking seriously of leaving their countries? Previous studies have discovered extremely high levels of dissatisfaction with the cost of living, taxation, availability of goods, and salaries. The number of poor living below the poverty datum line has surged progressively in the last few years because of economic crisis and spiraling inflation. The situation has been exacerbated by declining  real savings compounded by high levels of taxation and rising unemployment levels. The decline in real gross domestic product(GDP), is reflective of failure to attract foreign direct investment(FDI) and increased external debt due to chronic foreign currency shortages to procure raw materials, fuel, electricity and spare parts, against a background of rising production and labour costs due to high inflation have led to declining savings. The contraction in the formal sector, owing to companies’ downsizing, reducing working periods and closure, have led to significant fall in employment levels. Growing lawlessness and politically-motivated violence are some of the push factors for many intellectuals and professionals. The dissatisfaction goes deeper than economic and political circumstances to include housing, medical services, education, education and a viable future for children. Against this background, many skilled persons and professionals have migrated to other countries and the potential for emigrating among African university students and other is most probably very high. There is therefore need to enact policies in Africa to curb these massive brain drain and offer incentives to make staying and working in African countries attractive for professionals and skilled people. The broad objective of this paper is to highlight African brain drain, its causes and consequences. Brain drain is seen in this paper as a complex problem created by both endogenous and exogenous factors, which prey on the disparity between technologically developed and industrialized world, and the poor developing countries. The structure of the papers is as follows; Section I gives a general Introduction to the problem of Brain drain. Section 2 attempts briefly to conceptualize and categorize international migration and the possible causes of international migration. Section 3 gives a detailed analysis of Causes for African Brain Drain. Section 4 attempts to show the Impact and Consequences of African Brain Drain, giving Zimbabwe as an example. Section 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects and Policy Options. . 2. THE CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Some theories of international migration: There is no single, well-developed theory of international migration. Among the various models attempting to explain why international migration begins, five major approaches can be discerned: These were offered by Sharon Stanton Russell 2. Neoclassical economics: macro theory (arguably the body of theory most familiar to World Bank staff) views geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor in origin and destination countries as the major factors driving individual migration decisions. Among the assumptions of this model are that international migration will not occur in the absence of these differentials, that their elimination will bring an end to international movements, and that labor markets (not other markets) are the primary mechanisms inducing movements. Government policy interventions affect migration by regulating or influencing labor markets in origin and destination countries. Neoclassical economics: micro theory focuses on the level of individual rational actors who make decisions to migrate based upon a cost-benefit calculation that indicates a positive net return to movement. In this approach, human capital characteristics that raise the potential benefits of migration, and individual, social, or technological factors that lower costs, will lead to increased migration. Differences in earnings and employment rates are key variables, and governments influence migration through policies that affect these (e.g., through development policies that   raise incomes at the point of origin, decrease the probability of employment at destination, or increase the costs of migration). The new economics of migration views migration as a family (i.e., group) strategy to diversify sources of income, minimize risks to the household, and overcome barriers to credit and capital. In this model, international migration is a means to compensate for the absence or failure of certain  types of markets in developing countries, for example crop insurance markets, futures markets, unemployment insurance, or capital markets. Dual labour market theory holds that demand for low-level workers in more developed economies is the critical factor shaping international migration. To avoid the structural inflation that would result from raising entry wages of native workers, and to maintain labor as a variable factor of production, employers seek low-wage migrant workers. In this model, international migration is demand – based and initiated by recruitment policies of employers or governments in destination areas. World systems theory focuses not on labour markets in national economies, but on the structure of the world market-notably the â€Å"penetration of capitalist economic relations into peripheral, non-capitalist societies, â€Å"which takes place through the concerted actions of neocolonial governments, multinational firms, and national elites. International migration is generated as land, raw materials and labour in areas of origin are drawn into the world market economy and traditional systems are disrupted. 3. CAUSES OF AFRICAN BRAIN DRAIN. In the 1960s most of the African countries became independent, with the former Portuguese territories in 1975. In 1995, the last colony in Africa – South Africa – achieved majority rule. With accession to independence there was a marked change in the pace of migration. The first development plans and those subsequently adopted, accentuated existing disparities between urban areas which enjoyed the benefit of investment and rural areas. In some countries the most elementary freedoms were denied, giving rise to mass exodus of people unprecedented in the history of Africa. The gap between the economic and social development of different regions within countries and of different countries inside and outside Africa, has continued to widen over the years. Brain drain is a migration of professional people(as scientists, professors, or physicians) from one country to another, usually for higher salaries or  better living conditions. Despite the clarity of this definition, most efforts to halt the brain drain or reverse the process, especially in African countries, seem to pay little attention to economic and social imperative to brain drain, and instead, centre on appeals to the spirit of nationalism and patriotism. In extreme cases, some governments threaten to hire foreign professionals as replacement labour for those who left-a more complicated and costly option. Political Turmoil: Political turmoil is linked to the failure of economic development. As pressures of poverty, rapid population growth, disease and illiteracy and environmental degradation mount, they produce a volatile cocktail of insecurity. Resulting war, civil strife, state – sponsored terrorism, riots and other forms of political violence can lead to the displacement of large numbers of people as migrants, refugees, or asylees. In the late twentieth century, compared to previous centuries, more wars are taking place, and they are lasting longer and causing more devastation. According to Papademetriou both internal and regional conflicts, often based on religion and ethnicity, are precipitating unprecedented high levels of international migration. Economic and Political factors: The economic and political factors associated with international migration that have so far been discussed so far forces on the lack of economic development and political stability in many Third World countries. They are the major push factors in migration. The push factors are circumstances in the home environment that make a person think about leaving his normal place of abode for another part of the same country, neighbouring countries, or for a more distant place like the United Kingdom of the United States. Pull Factors i.e. those that draw people to particular destinations, are equally important. The post – World War II expansion of the industrial economies of Western Europe and North America (especially the United States) has led to immigration policies in these countries designed to meet a  burgeoning demand for cheap labour. Globalization has made possible a massive transfer of resources like technology and capital; labour has become another form of large-scale resource transfer; Although more than half of recent international migration flows are between developing countries, the flow from the Third World to industrial nations has grown to unprecedented levels. That developed countries are a magnet for the world’s migrant is evident from statistics. In 1990, half of the world’s migrants (excluding those naturalized, which would increase even more than the number in developed countries) were in industrial countries: 15-20 million were in Western Europe, 15-20 million were in North America, and 2-3 million were in the industrial nations of Asia (e.g. Japan, Taiwan).7 This globalization phenomenon has not escaped the attention  of Deepak Nayyar, who observes that: the process of globalization is bound to exercise a significant influence on the push-factors underlying international migration. It would decrease emigration pressures if it leads to a convergence of levels of income between the industrialized countries and the developing countries. But it would increase emigration pressures if it leads to a divergence in levels of income between the industrialized countries and the developing countries. Similarly, it would decrease emigration pressures if it leads to a reduction in poverty, an expansion of employment opportunities and an improvement in the quality of life for the people in developing countries. But it would increase emigration pressures if it leads to rising poverty, growing inequality, worsening employment prospects and deterioration in the quality of life of people in development countries.8 In summary it should be realized that the globalization of economies, lack of development and political stability in Third World countries, and immigration policies that reflect the need for labour in the receiving industrialized countries have thus far been proposed as the major factors explaining international migration from the Third World to the developed countries e.g. USA, UK., etc. But these alone do not adequately explain why certain countries or individuals, not others, dominate migration flows nor do they explain the particular destination choice of migrants. As earlier discussed, economic globalization, lack of development and political instability, industrial nations’ immigration policies, and linguistic and  historical ties are major factors that account for Third World immigration to developed countries in general. The same factors enable us to understand African immigration to Europe and the United States of America. Sub-Saharan Africa, like most other developing regions, has been integrated into the global economy primarily as a source of cheap primary goods and cheap labour. Initially, African labour was exploited within colonial boundaries but after World War II African labour was often actively recruited by ex-colonial European powers as competition for more expensive European labour. For example, France gave its former African colonies favoured nation status and formed agreements with such African states as Senegal, Mauritania, and Mali to promote labour migration. By 1960, about 20 000 Sub-Saharan Africans were in France; 12 000 in the late 80s. The British were less hospitable to immigrants from their former African colonies. Beginning in 1962, Africans in England were denied full social and political rights. They were subject to four immigrant control and three race relations outs that gradually withdrew their citizenship rights. Pass laws and voucher systems were introduced in order to â€Å"terminate black settler immigration and to introduce repatriation. In 1971, the British passed an immigration act to expressly limit immigration from its former colonies. It can, therefore, be said that Sub-Saharan Africa has generated significant global flows of migrants in the post-war era, mainly to ex-colonial states: Nigerian, Tanzanian, Ugandan, Asians and of late Zimbabweans have migrated to the U.K., Central and West Africans to France; Zairians (Congolese) to Belgium. However, the OECD has argued that these movements are dwafted by regional migrations within Africa. Regional labour have flowed primarily to Nigeria, South Africa, Gabon and the Ivory Coast. The main countries of emigration have been Zaire (now Congo), Angola, Mozambique, Cameroon and Botswana as well as all of the North African Nations, though rarely have their emigrants crossed the Sahara.